Sodium mesoxalate as pre-sodiation agent for sodium-ion capacitors
Sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) face challenges due to the low first coulombic efficiency of disordered carbon anodes. This study explores sodium mesoxalate as a pre-sodiation agent, a sustainable solution to prevent sodium ion depletion. Integrated into the activated carbon positive electrode, it achieves irreversible oxidation at ~4.3 V vs. Na+/Na with a capacity of 331 mAh g⁻¹, enhancing SIC performance.